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Define Wide Area Network (WAN)
Wide area network (WAN) is a telecommunications network or computer network that extends over a large geographical distance/place. Wide area networks are often established with leased telecommunication circuits, connecting multiple smaller networks like local area networks (LANs) and metro area networks (MANs). Unlike a LAN, which is confined to a single building or location, a WAN links computers, devices, and users in different locations, enabling them to communicate and share data seamlessly.
How a WAN Works
At its core, a WAN functions much like a LAN, but on a much larger scale. It uses networking devices such as routers, switches, firewalls, and modems — typically operating over public transmission systems (like the Internet) or private, dedicated networks. WANs rely on protocols like TCP/IP to manage data transmission and network communication between distant locations.
A simple way to understand a WAN is to picture it connecting multiple LANs — whether in different offices, cities, or countries — creating a unified network infrastructure for businesses, governments, or other large organizations.
Types of WAN Technologies
- Circuit-Switched WAN: Traditional WANs often used circuit-switched infrastructures built on PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) or ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) technologies.
- Radio Waves & Optical Fiber: Other WANs leverage radio wave transmissions or fiber-optic lines for high-speed, long-distance connectivity.
Modern WAN Innovations
- SD-WAN (Software-Defined WAN): A newer, smarter approach to WAN management, SD-WAN improves network performance, security, and flexibility by virtualizing network control and intelligently routing traffic.
- VoIP over WAN: Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) allows voice calls to travel over WAN connections, often integrated with SD-WAN solutions for cost-effective, distributed communication systems.
- VLAN Integration: WANs can also connect Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs), where traffic for multiple LANs is managed virtually rather than through physical hardware, improving scalability and network management.
Why WANs Matter
WANs are essential for businesses and organizations with remote offices, distributed teams, or global operations. They enable secure, reliable communication and data sharing across locations, support remote work, and ensure enterprise networks remain connected to the global Internet.