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What is a Network Switch?
A network switch is a networking appliance that connects multiple devices inside of a Local Area Network (LAN). It communicates by forwarding data based off MAC addresses. Typically switches operate at layer 2, data link layer, of the OSI model. However, they can operate at layer 3, network layer, which communicates by forwarding data based off IP addresses.
A network switch can come equipped with various features that may qualify it to be a layer 2 device, layer 3 device, or a mixture of layer 2 and layer 3. These features can also be managed by a command line interface (CLI) via SSH or Telnet, or a graphical user interface (GUI) normally accessed by a web browser. This type of network switch would be regarded as a “Managed” switch or “Lite” managed switch. “Unmanaged” switches do not have CLI, or GUI capabilities.
Speeds and Duplex Modes
Network switches typically support 10/100 (Fast Ethernet) or 10/100/1000 (Gigabit Ethernet) speeds, offering different bandwidth options.
Fast Ethernet switches support speeds of 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps, while Gigabit Ethernet switches support up to 1000 Mbps.
Switches operate in different duplex modes: Full-duplex enables bidirectional communication, while half-duplex supports unidirectional communication, limiting performance.
Choosing the correct duplex mode optimizes performance based on the device’s capabilities and network traffic requirements.
Types of Switch Ports
Network switches are equipped with various ports to meet different connectivity needs. A console port is used for initial configuration and troubleshooting via a direct serial connection. This port allows network administrators to access the switch’s command-line interface (CLI) for configuration and monitoring.
An SFP port (Small Form-factor Pluggable) is designed for high-speed fiber optic or copper connections. It offers flexibility, enabling the use of either fiber for long-distance connections or copper for shorter distances, depending on the network’s requirements.
The RJ45 port is the standard Ethernet port, commonly used for network connections. Typically, these ports support 10/100/1000 Mbps speeds and are used to connect various network devices like computers, printers, or other networked equipment.
Each of these ports plays a specific role in ensuring flexible and efficient network communication.
Industrial vs Commercial Switches
Industrial switches are designed for harsh environments, featuring an IP rating for dust and water resistance, as well as ESD, EMI, power surge, over-voltage, and power spike protection to withstand extreme conditions. These switches are built to endure temperature fluctuations, vibration, and moisture, making them ideal for factories, outdoor, and industrial settings. In contrast, commercial switches are typically used in controlled office or business environments, offering standard performance without the extensive protection found in industrial models. While commercial switches are more affordable and easier to manage, industrial switches ensure durability and reliability in more demanding environments.
Some Industrial switches are also designed for specific use cases like maritime, subway, or railway stations. These switches would be accommodated with their respective certifications.